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In Hardy‘s novels, various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often. Inevitably,because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared. A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style.But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly. When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style—that sure index of an author‘s literary worth—was certain to become verbose.

The dark regions in the starry night sky are not
pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as
had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because
of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it.
Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is
only a minor constituent of the material, extremely
low in density, that lies between the stars. The average
density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is
1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial
laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous
interstellar distances that so little material per unit of
volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy
is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas
is perfectly transparent, the dust is not.

Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong. Jacksonian
America was not a fluid, egalitarian society where
individual wealth and poverty were ephemeral
conditions. At least to argues E. Pessen in his
iconoclastic study of the very rich in the United States
between 1825 and 1850.
Pessen does present a quantity of examples, together
with some refreshingly intelligible statistics, to establish
the existence of an inordinately wealthy class. Though
active in commerce or the professions, most of the
wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family
fortunes. In no sense mercurial, these great fortunes
survived the financial panics that destroyed lesser ones.
Indeed, in several cities the wealthiest one percent
constantly increased its share until by 1850 it owned
half of the community's wealth. Although these
observations are true, Pessen overestimates their
importance by concluding from them that the undoubted
progress toward inequality in the late eighteenth century
continued in the Jacksonian period and that the United
States was a class-ridden, plutocratic society even
before industrialization.